ABSTRACT This paper, based on Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs sources, aims to provide an analysis of the Chilean military regime’s policy to face its difficult international position, focusing on the British case between 1979 and 1988. The Thatcher's government marked a substantial change in the relationship between the two countries: anticommunism and neoliberalism generated an ideological convergence that was enhanced by Chilean support for the United Kingdom during the Falklands war. However, this “friendship” was destined to find a limit in the pressure that the US and other European countries exerted on London, aimed at obtaining its collaboration with the democratization process in Chile.

RESUMEN Este trabajo, basado en fuentes del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, se propone estudiar la acción del régimen militar para enfrentar su difícil situación internacional, enfocándose en el caso británico entre 1979 y 1988. Se plantea que el gobierno Thatcher marcó un cambio sustancial en la relación entre los dos países, en la medida en que anticomunismo y neoliberalismo crearon una convergencia ideológica, potenciada por el apoyo chileno al Reino Unido durante la guerra de Malvinas. Sin embargo, esta “amistad” estaba destinada a encontrar un límite en las presiones de EE.UU. y otros países europeos, orientadas a obtener la colaboración británica con el proceso de democratización en Chile.

SARS-CoV-2 infection has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations secondary to the impairment of different organs, including kidney. Rhabdomyolysis is produced by disintegration of striated muscle and the liberation of its contents to the extracellular fluid and bloodstream. This may produce hydro electrolytic disorders and acute kidney injury. We report a 35-year-old female with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection who was hospitalized because of respiratory failure and developed renal failure. The etiologic study showed elevated total creatine kinase levels and a magnetic resonance imaging confirmed rhabdomyolysis. The patient required supportive treatment with vasoactive drugs, mechanic ventilation and kidney replacement therapy. She had a favorable evolution with resolution of respiratory failure and improvement of kidney function.

Abstract The La Plata basin is the second largest basin of South America and has supported important river fisheries for more than a century. In this paper, we evaluate for the first time the historical trends of landings of 21 fish taxa and the recent population trends of 27 species of commercial fishes in the lower La Plata basin (Argentina). We compiled three kinds of data sets: Total fishery landings (between 1934 and 1986) and exports (1994‒2019), fisheries monitoring programs of Chaco and Santa Fe provinces in the Paraná River (2009‒2019), and surveys of fish populations in the Upper (Corrientes, 1993‒2020) and Middle (EBIPES, 2005‒2020) Paraná River. The analysis of the historical landings showed more species declining in the lower portion of the basin than in the upper basin. Regarding recent population trends, Pimelodus spp., Hoplias spp., Salminus brasiliensis, Luciopimelodus pati, and Ageneiosus spp. declined in more than one region, while Megaleporinus spp., Pterodoras granulosus, and Oxydoras kneri showed stable to positive trends, with the other species varying in their trends between regions. These tendencies could be associated to a combination of factors such as overfishing and environmental changes that would require an ecosystem approach for their adequate management.

Resumen La Cuenca del Plata es la segunda más grande de Sudamérica y ha soportado importantes pesquerías fluviales desde hace más de un siglo. En este trabajo, evaluamos por primera vez las tendencias históricas en los desembarques pesqueros de 21 taxones de peces y las tendencias poblacionales recientes de 27 especies de peces comerciales de la baja Cuenca del Plata (Argentina). Compilamos tres tipos de datos: desembarques pesqueros totales (1934‒1986) y exportaciones (1994‒2019), programas de monitoreo de pesca comercial de las provincias de Chaco y Santa Fe en el río Paraná (2009‒2019), y relevamientos de peces en el río Paraná Alto (Corrientes, 1993‒2020) y Medio (EBIPES, 2005‒2020). El análisis de los desembarques históricos mostró más disminuciones en la porción baja de la cuenca que en la porción alta. En cuanto a las tendencias poblacionales recientes, Pimelodus spp., Hoplias spp., Salminus brasiliensis, Luciopimelodus pati y Ageneiosus spp. declinaron en más de un sector, mientras que Megaleporinus spp., Pterodoras granulosus y Oxydoras kneri mostraron tendencias estables a positivas, con las otras especies variando en sus tendencias entre regiones. Estas tendencias podrían asociarse a una combinación de factores como la sobrepesca y los cambios ambientales que requerirían una aproximación ecosistémica para su adecuado manejo.

Resumen La enfermedad por Coronavirus-2 en poco tiempo ha logrado encender las alarmas de los sistemas de salud a nivel mundial. Además de las implicaciones económicas, sanitarias, políticas, culturales y sociales, está claro que ha cambiado la vida de los seres humanos incluyendo como se desarrollan los programas de postgrado en medicina. Múltiples comunidades científicas alrededor del mundo han manifestado la necesidad de diferir los procedimientos quirúrgicos electivos y priorizar la atención de los pacientes por encima de la academia, lo que podría disminuir la exposición de residentes de cirugía general a actos quirúrgicos esenciales para su aprendizaje. Como respuesta a ello, los autores presentan este artículo en donde se discute el papel de la educación virtual y la simulación como posibles respuestas a la dificultad educativa que representa la pandemia del COVID-19.

Abstract Coronavirus-2 disease in a short time has managed to turn on the alarms of systems healthcare worldwide. In addition to the economic, health, political, cultural, and social implications, it has changed the lives of human beings including how medical graduate programs are developed. Multiple scientific communities around the world have expressed the need to defer elective surgical procedures and prioritize patient care over teaching, which could decrease the exposure of general surgery residents to surgical opportunities essential to their learning. In response to this, the authors present this article where the role of virtual education and simulation are discussed as possible responses to the educational difficulty represented by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract This study describes the histological characteristics and distribution of gastrointestinal tract endocrine cells (ECs) of Prochilodus lineatus (detritivorous fish) using immunohistochemical procedures. The digestive tract of P. lineatus was divided into seven portions: stomach (cardial and pyloric), pyloric caeca, and intestine (anterior, glandular, middle and posterior). A pool of specific antisera against cholecystokinin (CCK-8), -neuropeptide Y (NPY), -ghrelin (Ghre) and -leu-enkephalin (Leu-ENK) to identify ECs were used. According to the morphological characteristics of ECs, two different types were identified and classified as open or closed-type. The number of ECs varied throughout the gastrointestinal tract, though a high abundance was found in the anterior intestine and pyloric caeca. A large number of ECs immunoreactive to CCK-8 and NPY were recorded in the anterior, glandular and middle intestine. ECs immunopositive to Leu-ENK were distributed in the stomach and pyloric caeca. For Ghre, immunopositive ECs were restricted to the glandular intestine. The results of the present study indicate that P. lineatus presents an ECs distribution pattern with species-specific particularities. However, CCK showed a distribution similar to that of omnivores, which is possibly related to local signaling functions in order to achieve the correct digestion of the various organisms found in the detritus.

Resumen Introducción. La osificación de la cadena estilohioidea es una entidad poco frecuente que se caracteriza por dolor neuropático importante en la región facial y la cervical, secundario a la compresión mecánica de las estructuras vasculares y nerviosas del cuello. Tradicionalmente, se trata de una enfermedad de manejo por el otorrinolaringólogo, aunque en algunos casos es necesaria la intervención del cirujano de cabeza y cuello. Es por ello que, en el presente artículo, se presenta un reporte de caso y se hace una revisión de la literatura científica. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 65 años de edad que consultó por dolor cervical y facial serio, secundario a la osificación del complejo estilohioideo, con necesidad de manejo quirúrgico. Por medio de una cervicotomía, se extrajo la pieza osificada, sin complicaciones perioperatorias y resultados favorables. Discusión. La osificación del complejo estilohioideo es una situación poco frecuente, con un cuadro clínico inespecífico y mecanismos fisiopatológicos desconocidos, que puede llevar a circunstancias potencialmente mortales. Para llegar a su diagnóstico, se debe tener un alto grado de sospecha y se confirma con una tomografía de cuello con reconstrucción tridimensional. Su tratamiento es quirúrgico, aunque también se ha descrito el manejo médico. En la literatura médica, no existen estudios que comparen los métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos para esta entidad, por lo cual, hasta el día de hoy, existen grandes controversias al respecto. Esto hace necesario que se lleven a cabo nuevas investigaciones en este campo.

Abstract Introduction: Stylohyoid chain ossification is a rare entity characterized by severe neuropathic pain in the facial region secondary to mechanical compression of neurovascular structures of the neck. Traditionally it is a pathology that requires otorhinolaryngological management, although in some cases the intervention of the head and neck surgeon is necessary. That is why in this article we present the management of a patient with this pathology. Clinical case: Our case is a 65-year-old woman who consulted for severe neck and facial pain secondary to the ossification of the stylohyoid complex and the requirement for surgical management. By means of cervicotomy the ossified piece is extracted, without any perioperative complication and favorable results. Discussion: Stylohyoid chain ossification is a rare pathology, with a nonspecific clinical picture which can lead to potentially fatal circumstances. To reach the diagnosis, the surgeon is required to have a high degree of suspicion and confirmation with a neck CT scan with 3D reconstruction. The treatment for this entity is usually surgical, although medical management has also been described. There are no studies reported in the medical literature comparing the diagnostic and therapeutic methods for this entity, so that until today, major controversies in this regard still remains. It becomes necessary new research in this field.

Resumen Introducción. La coledocolitiasis de probabilidad intermedia es una condición con gran morbilidad por el riesgo de pancreatitis y colangitis, y se requiere el estudio de la vía biliar para su enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico. Actualmente, el método de referencia para su diagnóstico y tratamiento, es un examen invasivo, la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE), que no siempre lleva a un diagnóstico positivo de coledocolitiasis, pero sí implica exponer a los pacientes a sus riesgos. Por esta razón, la colangiopancreatografía por resonancia magnética (CPRM) ha tomado importancia en el diagnóstico, ya que es un examen no invasivo y con menor riesgo de complicaciones, por lo que se pretende evaluar su uso en la coledocolitiasis de probabilidad intermedia. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de pruebas diagnósticas en una muestra de pacientes con coledocolitiasis de probabilidad intermedia, en la Fundación Salud El Bosque, entre enero de 2012 y agosto de 2015. Resultados. Se incluyeron 151 pacientes con diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis de probabilidad intermedia. Se evaluaron las características de la CPRM, la cual mostró sensibilidad de 88 %, especificidad de 79 %, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) de 88 % y valor predictivo negativo (VPN) de 96 %, con un índice de exactitud de 94,7 %. Conclusiones. La CPRM es un examen con un rendimiento adecuado en la evaluación de los pacientes con coledocolitiasis de probabilidad intermedia. En estos casos permite obviar la CPRE diagnóstica. El impacto de la dilatación de la vía biliar sumada a otras alteraciones del perfil hepático, no se puede establecer con este estudio.

Abstract Introduction: Patients with intermediate probability of choledocholithiasis exhibit a highly morbid pathology due to the risk of developing pancreatitis and cholangitis; it demands the study of the bile duct for appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Currently, the gold standard for its diagnosis and treatment is an invasive examination, ERCP, which not always ends with positive diagnosis of choledocholithiasis, exposing the patient to the associated risks. This is why magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography has acquired importance in the diagnosis, for it is a non-invasive procedure with lesser risk of complications. For this reason we decided to evaluate its use in mid-probability choledocholithiasis. Methods: A study of the diagnostic tests was carried out in a sample of 151 patients with intermediate probability of choledocholithiasis at our center, Fundación Salud El Bosque (Bogotá, Colombia), in the period 2012-2015. Results: A total of 151 patients with the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis of intermediate probability were included, evaluating the characteristics of the MRCP, which showed sensitivity of 88%, specificity 79%, PPV88% and NPV 96%, with an accuracy index of 94.7%. Conclusions: MRCP is a test that exhibits adequate performance in the evaluation of patients with intermediate probability of choledocholithiasis, avoiding the performance of ERCP. It confirms its previous use when faced with mid-chance choledocholithiasis. The diagnostic impact of dilation of the bile duct and other alterations of the liver profile can not be established with this study.

Background: Detecting patients at risk of falls during hospital stay is of utmost importance to implement preventive measures. Aim: To determine the frequency of patients with a high risk of falls admitted to a medical-surgical ward. To assess the preventive measures implemented. Materials and Methods: Review of medical records of 376 patients aged 20 to 97 years (28% older than 70 years) admitted to a clinical hospital in a period of four months. Results: Eleven percent of patients had a history of falls, 50% had a sensory deficit, 68% had unstable gait, 8% had a neurological risk condition, 8% had drowsiness or disorientation, 4% had psychomotor agitation or delirium, 86 % used high risk medications, 73% used 2 or more high risk drugs and 72% were using devices that decrease mobility. One hundred forty-one patients (38%) had a high risk of falling. The mean age of the latter was 77 years, 89% had a sensory deficit, 96% had unstable gait, 4% had psychomotor agitation or delirium and 98% used high risk drugs. Less than 1% had a medical prescription of a caregiver, physical restraints or antipsychotics, however, 21% of patients had a caregiver. Conclusions: The percentage of patients with a high risk of falling is important. The main risk factors were sensory deficit, unstable gait and the use of high risk medications. The low frequency of preventive measures prescriptions is striking.

Resumen Introducción. La pancreatoduodenectomía, u operación de Whipple, fue descrita por Codivilla en 1898 como tratamiento para el cáncer de la cola del páncreas. Con aportes posteriores se ha perfeccionado la técnica, lo cual ha permitido su aplicación en diferentes circunstancias y ha contribuido a la supervivencia de muchos pacientes. Sin embargo, su uso poco frecuente y las dificultades para practicarla, hacen complicado decidir si se utiliza o no la técnica de Whipple. Caso clínico. Se presenta y analiza el caso de un paciente que ingresó a urgencias por un trauma penetrante de abdomen con una grave lesión pancreatoduodenal; se le practicó de urgencia una operación de Whipple en el servicio de cirugía general de una institución de tercer nivel de Bogotá, y se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios. Además, se hace una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura científica. Discusión y conclusiones. La pancreatoduodenectomía de urgencia es una cirugía compleja que supone un reto quirúrgico, en el cual se deben tener en cuenta el estado hemodinámico, el estado ácido-base y la presencia o ausencia de coagulopatía, a la hora de adoptar una conducta definitiva.

Abstract Introduction: Pancreaticoduodenectomy is a procedure first described by Codivilla in 1898 for the management of pancreatic cancer. With subsequent contributions the technique has been perfected allowing its application in other contexts leading to the survival of many patients. However, the low demand for the procedure and the difficulties in doing so makes the decision of whether to take or not to take the patient to a Whipple surgery a very complex matter. Case report: We present the case of a patient who arrived at the emergency room with penetrating abdominal trauma with pancreaticoduodenal injury in whom the Whipple procedure was performed urgently by the general surgery service at a third level of care institution in Bogotá, Colombia, with excellent results. Discussion and conclusions: Emergency pancreatoduodenectomy is a complex procedure that represents a surgical challenge in which the hemodynamic state, the acid base balance and the presence of coagulopathy need to be considered when assuming some definitive conduct. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature is presented.

RESUMO: Os probióticos são uma alternativa inovadora aos antibióticos como fatores de crescimento. Anteriormente, nosso grupo isolou, selecionou e testou in vivo oito cepas autóctones. Estas não apresentaram efeitos significativos quando administrados individualmente. No entanto, as melhores doses, etapas e formas da administração foram combinadas para a formulação de um produto contendo multiples cepa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito deste produto probiótico no crescimento e sobrevivência de larvas de Piaractus mesopotamicus. A administração foi implementada durante a incubação de ovos e período de alimentação endógeno (5), durante o período de alimentação exógeno das larvas (10) e ao longo do experimento (15). Um grupo sem microrganismos foi utilizado como controle. O probiótico gera um incremento significativo de peso médio e não significativo de sobrevivência e biomassa em dois dos três estágios testados. Estes resultados demonstram a eficácia de uma fórmula probiótica autóctone para a cultura desta espécie de peixe nativa.

ABSTRACT: Probiotics are a novel alternative to antibiotics as growth factors. Previously, our group isolated, selected and tested in vivo, eight autochthonous strains. They showed no significant effects when administered individually. However, the best doses, stages and ways of administration were combined in a multi strain formula. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of this probiotic product on the growth and survival of Piaractus mesopotamicus larvae. The administration was implemented during egg incubation and endogenous feeding period (5), during larvae exogenous feeding period (10) and all along the experiment (15). A group without microorganisms was used as control. The probiotic generates significant increments of mean weight and not significant increases of survival and biomass in two of the three tested stages. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of an autochthonous probiotic formula for the culture of this native fish species.

This work is an approximation to the life and work of Alberto Falcionelli, a French-Argentine historian who taught at the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo for several decades. In the first part the period of his intellectual and political formation in Europe is developed as well as his arrival in Argentina in the late 40s and the milestones of his academic and political life until the late 1980s. The second part is a bibliographical and conceptual analysis of the central categories of his thought, especially as far as Russian studies and Sovietology are concerned. Finally, the validity of his work is pointed out at the time of revisiting the Russian Revolution in the year of its centenary.

Este trabajo es una aproximación a la vida y obra de Alberto Falcionelli, historiador franco- argentino que enseñó en la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo durante varias décadas. En la primera parte se desarrolla el periodo de su formación intelectual y política en Europa, su llegada a la Argentina a fines de los40 y los hitos de su vida académica y política hasta fines de los '80. La segunda parte es un análisis bibliográfico y conceptual de las categorías centrales de su pensamiento, sobre todo en lo que a estudios rusos y sovietología se refiere. Para finalizar se señala la vigencia de su obra al momento de revisitar la Revolución Rusa en el año de su centenario.

Resumen El cáncer se clasifica según criterios histológicos en estadios (0 o in situ, I, II, III y IV), los cuales se asocian a las tasas de sobrevida. El cáncer de mama afecta la calidad de vida de las pacientes. A partir de un estudio relacional, no experimental en una muestra no probabilística de 39 mujeres (M = 56.2, DE = 13.4) diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama, se analiza la calidad de vida y posibles diferencias según el estadio de cáncer, y se relacionan las medidas del SF-36 y el FACT-B. Los resultados describen que en estadios avanzados, los puntajes de calidad de vida son bajos en comparación a los iniciales; sin embargo, las diferencias no alcanzan la significancia estadística. Los instrumentos se relacionaron positivamente entre sí. Se concluye que la calidad de vida no difiere según los estadios oncológicos y que ambos instrumentos correlacionaron positiva y significativamente. Estos resultados alientan a nuevos trabajos en esta línea.

Abstract Cancer is classified in stages (0 or in situ, I, II, III and IV) according to histological criteria, which are associated with survival rates. Breast cancer affects the quality of life of patients. In this correlational and not experimental study, with a non probabilistic sample of 39 women diagnosed with breast cancer (M = 56.2, SD = 13.4), we analyzed the quality of life and its possible differences according to the stage of cancer; moreover, we correlated the SF-36 and FACT-B measures. The results show that the quality of life is lower in advanced stages; however, the differences are not statistically significant; and that the instruments are positively correlated. We conclude that the quality of life does not varies according to the stage of breast cancer, and both instruments correlated positive and significantly. These findings encourage further work in this area.

ABSTRACT The streaked prochilod, Prochilodus lineatus, represents the most important fishery in the La Plata Basin (South America). Our objective was to analyze brackish environment use by the streaked prochilod captured from Paraná and Uruguay rivers. To accomplish this, lapillus otolith sections were analyzed for Sr:Ca with laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA ICP-MS) to infer habitat use of fish. To the interpretation of transects, a threshold that represents the transition between freshwater and brackish environments was calculated using the Sr:Ca ratio of the otolith edge of specimens captured in the first section of the La Plata Estuary (salinity ≥ 0.5 PSU). The percentage of fish using the estuary was higher in the Paraná (37%) than the Uruguay River (5%). Change-point analysis showed that fish entered the estuary between 1 and 3 times throughout life at a wide range of ages (0-15 years). These incursions had no obvious periodicity. This information should be integrated into future management actions, which should also be specific to each area since migration patterns differ between the major rivers of the basin.

RESUMEN El sábalo, Prochilodus lineatus, representa la pesquería más importante en la Cuenca del Río de la Plata (Sudamérica). Nuestro objetivo fue analizar el uso del hábitat estuarino del sábalo proveniente de los ríos Uruguay y Paraná. Para esto, se analizó la relación Sr:Ca en secciones de otolitos lapilli por ablación láser acoplada a espectrometría de masas con fuente de plasma de acoplamiento inductivo (LA ICP-MS) para inferir el uso de hábitat. Para interpretar las transectas, un umbral que representa la transición entre los ambientes de agua dulce y estuarino, fue calculado usando la relación Sr:Ca del borde del otolito de especímenes capturados en la primera sección del estuario del Plata (salinidad ≥0.5 UPS). El porcentaje de peces que usaron el estuario fue más elevado para el Paraná (37%) en relación al Uruguay (5%). El análisis de cambio puntual mostro que los individuos ingresan al estuario entre 1 a 3 veces a lo largo de la vida en un amplio rango de edades (0-15 años). Las incursiones no mostraron una periodicidad notoria. Esta información debería integrarse a futuras acciones de manejo que deberían ser específicas para cada área considerando los patrones de migración que difieren entre los grandes ríos de la Cuenca.

In fish farming 30% of the nutrients provided are retained as animal biomass, and the remainder is lost in the sediments. An alternative is to produce in polyculture, to take advantage of space and food. The aim of this work was to compare and evaluate the growth of Prochilodus lineatus (PL) in monoculture, in contrast to polyculture of PL and pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus for a period 11 months. Four treatments were used, control (PL 100/0), T1 (PL-pacu 50/50 proportion), T2 (PL-pacu 33/67 proportion), T3 (PL-pacu 25/75 proportion), located in ground ponds fertilized. Balanced food was provided daily considering 5% of the biomass. Water quality parameters were registered, in addition to performing biometrics monthly. The physical and chemical water quality parameters remained within appropriate values for both species in every pond. Zootechnical variables were analyzed: coefficient of specific growth, feed efficiency, productivity, survival and live weight. The weight variable of T3 was the highest, significantly different of the control (P < 0.05). The values of the remaining variables, were higher than in the other treatments, but without significant differences (P < 0.05). Although no differences in four of the five variables studied were found, a trend in favor of T3 can be observed, which was not statistically significant due to the limited number of replicates available and great variability. However, following the trend obtained and the experimental conditions, PL showed better growth and survival when accompanied by the pacu found in a 25/75 ratio, representing a satisfactory alternative to the cultivation of the species.

En la piscicultura el 30% de los nutrientes aportados son retenidos como biomasa animal y el remanente se pierde en los sedimentos. Una alternativa es producir en policultivo, para aprovechar espacio y alimento. El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar y evaluar el crecimiento del sábalo Prochilodus lineatus en monocultivo, en contraste con policultivo de sábalo y pacú Piaractus mesopotamicus durante 11 meses. Se utilizaron cuatro tratamientos, control (sábalo 100/0), T1 (proporción sábalo-pacú 50/50), T2 (proporción sábalo-pacú 33/67), T3 (proporción sábalo-pacú 25/75); ubicados en estanques de tierra fertilizados. Se suministró diariamente alimento balanceado considerando el 5% de la biomasa. Se registraron parámetros de calidad de agua, además de realizarse biometrías mensuales. Los parámetros físicos y químicos de calidad de agua permanecieron dentro de valores adecuados para ambas especies en cada estanque. Las variables zootécnicas analizadas fueron: coeficiente de crecimiento específico, conversión alimenticia, productividad, supervivencia y peso vivo. La variable peso en T3 fue superior, diferenciándose significativamente del control (P < 0,05). Los valores de las otras variables fueron más altos que en los tratamientos restantes, pero sin diferencias significativas (P < 0,05). Si bien no se encontraron diferencias en cuatro de las cinco variables estudiadas, se observó una tendencia a favor de T3, la que pudo no ser estadísticamente significativa debido al escaso número de réplicas disponibles y a la alta variabilidad. Sin embargo, siguiendo la tendencia obtenida y bajo las condiciones experimentales, el sábalo presentó un mejor crecimiento y supervivencia cuando se encontró acompañado del pacú en una relación 25/75, constituyendo una alternativa satisfactoria para el cultivo de la especie.